On this page you can find information about the properties of the measures, including their validity and reliability. A list of studies that have used the measures can also be found below.
Validation of the CYRM/ARM
Various studies have provided information to help confirm the psychometric properties of the CYRM and the ARM. Examples are given below.
Please see the user's manual for further information on the validity and reliability of the measures. If you would like to share your validation study with us, please get in touch.
Studies that have used the measures
Please contact us to include your work in this list, but note that we can only include published studies.
[1. CYRM]
*Indicates equivalent score for 17-item version of the measure.
| Authors | Location | Sample size (N) | Sex/Gender | Age (years) | Sample characteristics | 17-item measure [Mean (SD)]* | Other measure [Mean (SD)] | Measure adaption notes | Relationship studied / Purpose of study |
| Abualkibach & Lera Rodriquez (2015) | Palestine West Bank | 537 | M=242, F=295 | 13-14 | Palestine school students (8th and 9th grades) living under adversity in the West Bank | 66.3 (11.59) | 3.9 (0.68) | Using 28 item version, provides likert scale response means | Factors in which the individual skills, family support and contextual components contribute in the psychological resilience |
| Abualkibach & Lera Rodriquez (2017) | Palestine West Bank | 537 | M=242, F=295 | 13-14 | Palestine school students living under adversity in the West Bank | 64.6 (11.42) | 3.8 (0.67) | Using 28 item version, provides likert scale response means | Basic Psychological Needs (BPN) and factors predicting resilience |
| Arslan (2016) | Isparta, Turkey | 1352 | M=435, F=502 | 14-19 | Adolescents from 6 randomly selected high schools in Isparta, Turkey | 64.22 (14.21) | 45.33 (10.03) | Using 12 item version | Mediating role of resilience and self-esteem in the relationships between psychological maltreatment- emotional problems and psychological maltreatment-behavioral problems in adolescents |
| Baginksy et al. (2017) | Australia | A (42), B (48) | _ | A=6-10, B=11-17 | Children of families who participated in SoS program | A: 68.47 (13.03), B: 61.39 (16.86) | A: 29 (9.2), B: 26 (11.9) | Using 12 item version | Outcomes of Signs of Safety (SoS) program on youth resilience |
| Boden, Sanders, Munford, Liebenberg, & McLeod (2015) | New Zealand | SG (593), CG (773) | SG (M=350, F=243); CG (M=472, F=301) | SG (M=15.3), CG (M=15.0) | Part of the New Zealand Youth Transitions Research Program, a longitudinal, mixed-methods study of the transi- tion to young adulthood for a group of vulnerable teenagers. Compares 778 youth who were progressing in a more or less normative fashion through high school (CG) with 593 who were facing significant challenges (SG) | SG: 62.80 (9.74), CG: 67.21 (8.92) | SG: 103.44 (16.04), CG: 110.70 (14.69) | Using 28 item version | Predictors of positive developmental outcomes, includ- ing: life satisfaction; optimism; educational achievement; civic engagement; and pos- itive peer influence; in a sample of young people comprised of a study group (SG) facing significant challenges and a comparison group (CG) |
| Borualogo (2018) | West Java | 33 | F=33 | 15-23 | Female human trafficking victims | 66.36 | ~3.90 | Using 28 item version, provides likert scale response means | Describe resilience on human trafficking |
| Brodersen (2010) | British Columbia, Canada | 55 | M=39, F=16 | 12-17 | Adolescents sentenced to probation orders | 67.62 (9.52) | 111.38 (15.68) | Using 28 item version | Reliability, validity and clinical utility of the CYRM in an adolescent offender population |
| Collin-Vezina, Coleman, Milne, Sell, & Daigneault (2011) | Montreal, Canada | 53 | M=29, F=24 | 14-17 | Youth in residential care facilities | 60.44 (11.39) | ~3.56 (~0.67) | Using 28 item version, provides likert scale response means | Impact of gender and of the number of different traumas experienced on trauma-related sequels and resilience features. |
| Craft (2017) | U.S.A. | 5 | _ | 10-17 | Young people with stutters, measured pre- and post-intervention | Pre: 64.84 (5.97), Post: 72.86 (6.44) | Pre: 106.8 (9.83), Post: 120 (10.61) | Using 28 item version | Impact of a specialized group fluency program on promoting resiliency in adolescents who stutter, relationship between resilience and overall impact of stuttering |
| Daigneault & Dion (2010) | Quebec, Canada | 771 | M=338, F=433 | 9-11 | French speaking youths from 3 Quebec province high schools (grades 4 and 5) | 63.34 (8.16) | 104.33 (13.44) | Using 28 item version | Adolescent resilience, mindfulness, and self esteem after sexual abuse trauma |
| Doss (2017) | U.S.A. | 58 | M=15, F=23 | 14-20 | Children who have at least one active duty parent serving in the United States Armed Forces | F: 69.02 (1.41), M: 66.13 (1.05) | F: 4.06 (0.08), M: 3.89 (0.06) | Using 28 item version, provides likert scale response means | Factors of the military life and how it impacts the variance of self-esteem, social belongingness, and resilience of the military child |
| Erdem (2017) | Turkey | 451 | M= 199, F=252 | 15-19 | High school students | 28.74 (11.04) | 47.33 (7.79) | Using 12 item version, translated into Turkish | Attachment to parents and resilience |
| Estanislao (2017) | Manila, Philippines | 274 | M=120, F=154 | 18-25 | Undergraduate students in the tertiary level coming from a university in Manila, Philippines | 71.84 (9.10) | 4.226 (0.54) | Using 12 item version, provides likert scale response means | Various measures of Lasallian Spirituality and resilience |
| Govender, Cowden, Asante, George, & Reardon (2017) | South Africa | T1 (1854), T2 (648) | T1 (M=954, F=900); T2 (M=324, F=324) | T1 (M=14.88), T2 (M=15.93) | Time 1= youth at 7 rural (N = 768) and five urban schools from two districts (one rural, lower income, Black African families, second with greater racial and socioeconomic diversity); Time 2= Same participants 1 year later | T1: 57.61 (3.72), T2: 54.91 (3.46) | T1: 94.88 (~6.12), T2: 96.09 (~5.70) | Using 28 item version | To validate the Child and Youth Resilience Measure |
| Henderson & Greene (2014) | U.S.A. | 102 | M=67, F=35 | _ | Youth in a community-based alternative-to-suspension program | Base: 61.18 (8.06), Post: 62.55 (7.81) | Base: 100.76 (13.28), Post: 103.03 (12.87) | Using 28 item version | Resilience, social connectedness, and re-suspension rates; resilience measured as baseline and post-measure |
| Jenkins et al. (2018) | British Columbia, Canada | 175 | M=78, F=96 | 13-18 | Secondary school students in involved in the Social Networking Action for Resilience (SONAR) study in Canada | Pre: 65.59 (10.56), Post: 63.97 (8.82) | Pre: 3.858 (0.62), Post: 3.763 (0.52) | Using 28 item version, provides likert scale response means | Outcomes and impacts of youth-driven mental health promotion intervention; resilience measured pre and post intervention |
| Jones & Lafreniere (2014) | Bahamas | 99 | M=36, F=63 | 13-17 | Urban Bahamian 9 and 11th grade students | 70.14 (9.95) | 152.65 (21.65) | 5 point likert scale with 37 items. 9 additional items added from interviews conducted with 9 youth prior to questionnaire data collection | Internal and external factors that are predictive of resilience |
| Kabadayi & Sari (2018) | Turkey | 444 | M=199, F=245 | 15-19 | Turkish adolescents in high school | 67.03 (5.30) | 47.317 (3.74) | Using 12 item version | Role of resilience in the lives of cyberbullying perpe- trators and their victims |
| Kapoor & Tomar (2016) | Delhi | 200 | M=109, F=91 | 14-17 | Students from private English-medium schools in Delhi and NCR | 67.15 (8.79) | 110.6 (14.49) | Using 28 item version | Students psychological sense of school membership and their resilience, self-efficacy and leadership |
| Kaur (2018) | India & Netherlands | India (80), Europe (80) | India (M=40, F=40); Europe (M=40, F=40) | 9-11 | Children from elementary schools - The British Co-Ed School (Patiala, Punjab) and The St. Michael's School (Groningen, Netherlands) | India: 42.81 (5.40), Europe: 40.98 (2.65) | India: 70.51 (4.96), Europe: 67.49 (2.43) | Adapted; using 26-item version of measure, using 1-3 scale | Impact of resilience and self-esteem on the academic score, of Indian and European culture |
| Longobardi (2017) | Italy | 19 | M=18, F=1 | 16-17 | Unaccompanied migrants minors coming from Egypt, Albania, Senegal, Bangladesh, Gambia, Morocco and Mali | 59.16 (11.9) | ~3.48 (~0.70) | Using 28 item version, provides likert scale response means | Type and prevalence of pre-/peri-migratory trauma experiencesand the prevalence of mental health problems and resilience |
| Lys, Logie, & Okumu (2018) | Northwest Territories, Canada | 199 | F=199 | 13-17 | Young women from 17 communities in the Northwest Territories | Pre: 61.82, Post: 63.36 | Pre: 40, Post: 41 | Adapted to 11 items, rated availability of individual, relationational, communal, and cultural resources | Evaluate whether, in comparison to pre- intervention, FOXY ( arts-based HIV prevention program) participants demonstrated increased knowledge of STIs, increased safer sex self-efficacy, and increased resilience; measured pre and post intervention |
| Martin et al. (2015) | Sydney, Australia | 249 | M=142, F=107 | 16-18 | Young people drawn from three schools (two single-sex boys’ schools; one single-sex girls’ school from the systemic Catholic sector) and two community/youth service providers in high-needs areas | 66.3 (11.73) | 3.9 (~0.69) | Using 28 item version, provides likert scale response means | Young service users and non- users, resilience, and ‘educational connectedness’ (academic engagement, academic achievement, academic difficulty) |
| Marulanda & Addington (2016) | Calgary, Canada | 80 | CHR (M=22, F=18); Control (M=21, F=19) | CHR (M=17.05), Control (M=19.13) | 40 clinical high risk and 40 University of Calgary undergraduate students | CHR: 56.06 (8.51), Control: 63.59 (7.77) | CHR: 92.34 (14.02), Control: 104.73 (~12.80) | Using 28 item version | Levels of resilience between individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis and healthy controls, and to examine associations between resilience and clinical meas- ures, functioning and trauma of CHR participants |
| Munford & Sanders (2015) | New Zealand | 605 | M=382, F=223 | 13-17 | Young people who are multiple users of statutory and nongovernmental services (mental health, child welfare, juvenile justice, remedial education) | User: 62.81 (9.62), Control: 67.07 (8.63) | User Group: 103.45 (15.85), Control: 110.46 (14.21) | Using 28 item version | Components of mental health services that contribute to effective practice, role for services in supporting young people to seek out resources that have the potential to enhance their health and wellbeing; measured against control group |
| Pandya (2017) | 15 countries | 1893 | M=1060, F=833 | 9-12 | Children of divorced parents across 15 countries | Treatment: 61.46 (1.49), Control: 34.83 (0.75) | Treatment: 101.23 (2.45), Control: 56.87 (1.23) | Using 28 item version | Influence of a spiritual education program (SEP) on resilience building |
| Panter-Brick et al. (2018) | Syria | 603 | _ | 11-18 | Syrian refugee and Jordanian host-community youth living in urban centers close to the Syrian border | 68.94 (9.24) | 113.55 (15.22) | Using 28 item version, translated into Arabic | Develop and validate a brief measure of resilience for inclusion in a longitudinal survey of mental health and psychosocial well- being |
| Rainone et al. (2016) | Italy | 53 | M=21, F=32 | 14-23 | Adolescents and young adults with multiple sclerosis (MS), referred to an MS clinic for children and young people at Federico II University (‘‘SMAG’’ center), diagnosed at least 12 months previously (to avoid the influence of recent diagnosis advice on psychological status), and in drug therapy (interferon beta, natalizumab, fingolimod) | 64.40 | 106.08 | Using 28 item version | Moderating role of resilience in the relationship between affective disorders and Health- Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) |
| Sanders & Munford (2016) | New Zealand | 506 | Qual. Subsample (M=63, F=44) | Qual. Subsample M=17 | Data drawn from Successful Youth Transitions Programme (SYT) - a mixed-methods, longitudinal study of patterns of resilience, risk, and service use of young people followed for three years because their life histories indicated they were at risk of not graduating from high school or making a successful transition to adulthood | Qual. (63.37), Remainder (64.81) | Qual. Subsample: 104.38 (16.65), Remainder group: 106.75 (16.29) | Using 28 item version | The concept of a sense of belonging as it relates to the way these youth explain their experiences of school, the centrality of this sense of belonging at school to an understand- ing of resilience for vulnerable youth |
| Sanders, Munford, & Boden (2017) | New Zealand | 500 | M=295, F=205 | 12-17 | At-risk adolescents | T1: 63.19 (9.45), T2 : 64.23 (10.10), T3: 64.51 (9.95) | T1: 104.08 (15.56), T2: 105.79 (16.64), T3: 106.25 (16.38) | Using 28 item version with 4 subscales: social/cultural; individual; caregiver relationships; and spiritual/community | Changes in resilience over time |
| Sanders, Munford, & Boden (2017) | New Zealand | SG (593), CG (773) | SG (M=350, F=243); CG (M=472, F=301) | 12-17 | Vulnerable children in New Zealand, part of Youth Transitions Study | SG: 62.80, CG 67.21 | SG (103.44), CG (110.70) | Using 28 item version | The way in which resilience potentiates educational aspirations across two populations of youth (study group and comparison group) |
| Sanders, Munford, & Liebenberg (2017) | New Zealand | 495 | M=279, F=216 | 13-21 | High-risk, service using youth | T1: 63.33 (9.41), T2: 64.24 (10.2) | T1: 104.30 (15.5) T2: 105.80 (16.8) | Using 28 item version | Longitudinal study of patterns of risk and resilience |
| Sanders, Munford, Liebenberg, & Ungar (2013) | New Zealand | 1210 | MSU (M=382, F=223); Control (M=381, F=224) | 13-17 | Purposefully selected through referrals from service providers who knew youth to be concurrent clients of two or more service systems (child welfare, juvenile corrections, education additional to mainstream programming, mental health) in six locations nationally | Neg.: 58.63 (0.81), Incons.: 62.73 (0.59), Pos.: 67.21 (0.61), Control: 66.33 (0.43) | Neg.: 96.573 (1.33), Incons.: 103.32 (0.97), Pos.: 110.71 (1.00), Control: 109.26 (0.71) | Using 28 item version | How variations in service quality influence outcomes when vulnerable youth are clients of more than one service system (Multiple Service Youth (MSU)); resilience measured against youth self-reported expereinces with services (negative, inconsistent, positive) and a control group |
| Sanders, Munford, Thimasarn-Anwar, Liebenberg, & Ungar (2015) | New Zealand | 605 | M=382, F=223 | 12-17 | Young people exposed to significant harm during childhood and adolescence and this includes exposure to chronic abuse and neglect | 61.37 (9.52) | ~3.61 (~0.56) | Using 28 item version, provides likert scale response means | Whether or not services that adopt PYD approaches are related to improved outcomes for at-risk young people in New Zealand, possible role that PYD approaches play in bolstering youth resilience (defined ecologically) |
| Shakiz & Aftab (2018) | Turkey | 810 | M=427, F=383 | 14-19 | Students in 5 different cities in Turkey (2 vocational schools, 3 non-vocational) | 50.75 | 35.82 | Using 12 item version | Levels of academic achievement and psychological resilience, the relationships between levels of academic achieve- ment and psychological resilience, whether levels of academic achievement and psychological resilience will change based on sociodemographic variables, and whether psychological resilience had a mediating effect on the relationship between sociodemographic variables and academic achievement |
| Skogstad (2017) | New Zealand | 87 | M=87 | 11-12 | Students participating in mindfullness intervention in New Zealand school | Pre: 65.58 (9.42), Post: 65.97 (9.20) | Pre: 108.01 (15.52), Post: 108.66 (15.16) | Using 28 item version | Mindfullness training and resilience; resilience measured pre and post a 9-week mindfulness intervention |
| Soliman (2017) | Toronto, Canada | 81 | M=21, F=58 | _ | Second and third year undergraduate students at university of Toronto | 65.37 (9.69) | 46.14 (6.84) | Using 12 item version | How the Child & Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM-12) and the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) measure post-secondary student resilience as viewed by the University of Toronto in Toronto, Canada, which breaks down resilience into competence domains and adaptive resources |
| Theron, Cockcroft, & Wood (2017) | South Africa | 110 | _ | 9-14 | African orphans and vulnerable children | Pre: 75.16 (11.84), Post: 76.34 (11.07) | Pre: 123.7 (19.5), Post: 125.74 (18.24) | Using 28 item version | Bibliotherapy (therapeutic use of care- fully chosen stories intended to support children as they adjust to risks that threa- ten their optimal development) and resilience |
| Theron, Liebenberg, & Malindi (2014) | South Africa | 951 | M=439, F=512 | 13-19 | Black South African youths from poverty-stricken, rural contexts attending school | HPA: 30.22 (3.16), LPA: 24.78 (5.09), HESR: 29.99 (5.26) LESR: 24.92 (5.26) | HPA: 49.77 (5.20), LPA: 40.81 (8.38), HESR: 49.40 (5.12), LESR: 41.05 (8.66) | Using 28 item version | Formal service and informal pathways that encouraged youth resilience in high- risk contexts; resilience measured via quartiles (high and low personal agency (HPA) (LPA), high and low expereinces of staff respect (HESR, LESR) |
| Thimasarn-Anwar, Sanders, Munford, Jones, & Liebenberg (2013) | New Zealand | 565 | M=334, F=231 | 13-17 | Youth engaged in the larger New Zealand youth transitions study (study concerned with understand- ing the transitions through adolescence and into young adulthood by youth with complex needs). Vulnerable youth (being at risk of not completing high school, already disengaged from high school or facing a number of risks in terms of exposure to family violence, chronic neglect, mental health issues and juvenile justice concerns | 62.39 (0.91) | ~7.34 (~1.50) | Using 28 item version, scores averaged out of a possible 10 | Demographic characteristics of youth who were interviewed on time, located late or lost for a second interview in a three-year study of vulnerable adolescents called the New Zealand youth transitions study, whether or not the considerable effort invested in trying to locate these youth three times made a difference to the quality of the data. |
| Thong (2018) | U.S.A. | 205 | M=50, F=155 | 18-22 | First generation college students (FCGS) attending a private university | FGCS: 71.14 (7.35), Non FGCS: 73.43 (7.41), Total: 72.37 (7.46) | FGCS: 117.17 (12.11) NonFGCS: 120.95 (12.20), Total Sample: 119.20 (12.28) | Using 28 item version | Resilience and personal growth initiative in FGCS |
| Wener (2016) | Jordan | 603 | M=350, F=253 | M=14.23 | Jordanian and Syrian adolescents living in Northern Jordan during Fall 2015 | Syrian: 67.64 (9.13), Jordanian: 70.45 (9.16) | Syrian: 111.40 (15.03), Jordanian: 116.03 (15.08) | Using 28 item version, translated into Arabic | Part of a broader evaluation of the impact of a mental health and psychosocial wellbeing intervention |
| Zand, Liebenberg, & Shamloo (2017) | Iran | 703 | M=298, F=405 | 12-19 | Iranian youth | 60.52 (14.79) | ~3.56 (~0.87) | Using 28 item version, provides likert scale response means | Factorial structure of the 28-item version of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure |
[2. ARM]
*Indicates equivalent score for 17-item version of the measure.
| Authors | Location | Sample size (N) | Sex/Gender | Age | Sample characteristics | 17-item measure [Mean (SD)] | Other measure [Mean (SD)] | Measure adaption notes | Relationship studied / Purpose of study |
| Anthony (2017) | Alabama & Tennessee | 50 (x2) | M=34, F=66 | 18-26 | Students attending educational institutions, those from community groups and organizations, and individuals employed or not employed; 50 from Alabama, 50 from Tennessee | Ten. 45.78 (7.42), Ala. 46.28 (6.77) | Ten. 75.40 (7.33), Ala. 76.24 (6.69) | Using 28 item version and 3-point likert scale | Adults’ emotional well-being and their level of resilience in the states of Alabama and Tennessee |
| Antora (2018) | U.S.A. | 222 | F=222 | 18-48 | females in the Muslim American population | 51.97 (31.43) | 85.59 (51.76) | Using 28 item version | visibility, perceived religious discrimination, psychological association with Islam, and mental health amongst females |
| Arslan (2015) | Isparta, Turkey | 320 | M=109, F=311 | 20-39 | Individuals attending pedagogical training certification program in Faculty of Education, Suleyman Demirel University | 53.12 (7.21) | 87.484 (11.874) | Using 28 item version, translated to Turkish | Mediating role of resilience in the relationshipsbetween childhood psychological maltreatment, depression and negative self-concept in adulthood |
| Bemath (2017) | South Africa | 38 | M=17, F=21 | 15-34 | Young, black South Africans from disadvantaged backgrounds | 71.56 (9.17) | 117.87 (15.11) | Using 28 item version | Working memory (WM) and resilience |
| Howell, Miller-Graff, Schaefer, Scrafford (2017) | U.S.A. | 101 | F=101 | 18-40 | Low-income pregnant women recruited from a Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), Food and Nutrition Service program in the Midwest | 71.84 | 118.33 | Using 28 item version | Indirect effects of individual, relational, and contextual resilience in the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and prenatal depression |
| Nistor-Vladescu (2017) | Romania | 400 | F=400 | >30 (6.8%), 31-39 (52.7%), 40+ (40.5%) | Police women in Romania | 73.27 (7.48) | ~120.68 (~12.32) | Using 28 item version | To measure resilience |
| Pierce (2016) | Alaska | 241 | M=213, F=26 | 21+ | Police officers in Alaska | 67.64 (9.58) | 111.4 (14.09) | Using 25 items (The items “spiritual beliefs are a source of strength for me” and “I participate in organized religious activities” were removed from the scale) | Rate of PTSD and depression symptoms , how contextual resilience factors affect PTSD and depression symptoms, and provided police officers’ perspectives on the resources provided to them by their police departments |
| Rajkumar, Varghese, & Padikkal (2017) | Karnataka, India | 50 | M=50 | 17-23 | Active football players of Central University of Karnataka, have been playing football for at least 3-months | 65.04 (0.61) | 107.12 (9.06) | Using 28 item version | relationship between achievement motivation and resilience among football players in a University |
| Rich, Sirikantraporn, & Jean-Charles (2017) | Port-au-Prince, Haiti | 113 | M=60, F=53 | M=26.56 | Adults living in Port-au-Prince, the site of 2010 earthquake | 69.21 (7.87) | 114.7 (12.97) | Using 28 item version | Correlations between PTGI subscales and various subscales of the ARM and MLQ |
| Robinson (2013) | U.S.A. | 137 | M=60, F=70, ?=7 | 18-67 | Somali people living in the U.S. | Unweighted; 73.95 (10.54) Weighted: 49.47 (7.14) | Unweighted: 4.35 (0.62) Weighted: 2.91 (0.42) | Using 27 items, provides likert scale response means | Explore pathways to resilience in the context of Somali culture and forced displacement |